Jul 6, 2010
Tuberculosis and its treatmentTuberculosis (TB) is a contagious, wasting disease characterized by the coughing up of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. It is a bacterial infection caused by a germ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It was first isolated in 1882 by a German physician named Robert Koch who received the Nobel prize for this discovery. TB most commonly affects the lungs but also can involve almost any organ of the body like central nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, joints and bones.
Symptoms
When the disease becomes active, 75% of the cases are pulmonary TB:
- The individual may get tired easily, feel slightly feverish or cough frequently .
- Chest pain, coughing up blood, and a productive, prolonged cough for more than three weeks .
- Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, pallor, and often a tendency to fatigue very easily Coughing up blood or mucus.
- In the other 25% of active cases, the infection moves from the lungs, causing other kinds of TB .
- Extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura, the central nervous system in meningitis, the lymphatic system in scrofula of the neck, the genioturinary system in urogenital tuberculosis, and bones and joints in Pott’s disease of the spine.
Causes
- The primary cause of TB, Mycobacterium bacillus, is an aerobic bacterium that divides every 16 to 20 hours.
- Tuberculosis spreads by droplet infection when a TB patient exhales, coughs, or sneezes, tiny droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air .
- Only about one in three close contacts of a TB patient, and fewer than 15% of more remote contacts are likely to become infected since it is not that highly contagious.
- Unlike many other infections, TB is not passed on by contact with a patient's clothing, bed linens, or dishes and cooking utensils.
- The fetus of an infected mother may contract TB by inhaling or swallowing the bacilli in the amniotic fluid.
- Tuberculosis is spread through air droplets which are expelled when persons with infectious TB disease cough, sneeze, speak, or sing.
Data and Statistics
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s deadliest diseases:
- One third of the world’s population are infected with TB.
- Each year, over 9 million people around the world become sick with TB.
- Each year, there are almost 2 million TB-related deaths worldwide.
- TB is a leading killer of people who are HIV infected.
Status of Tuberculosis in Nepal
- Nepal witnesses 40,000 TB patients additional every year.
- Nepal is witnessing 40,000 additional tuberculosis (TB) patients each year, the National News Agency RSS.
- According to the report, 5,000 to 7,000 in Nepal are dying of the disease every year, and 45 percent of the total population of Nepal are ailing from the disease.
- Tuberculosis is found to have attacked one in every three persons and one in every 10 persons are vulnerable to the disease in the country, the report said.
- In the central development region in the country, altogether 3, 963 people, including 1,439 women, were found to have suffered from TB in the current fiscal year 2006/07 ending in mid-July, according to report.
Preventive Measures
Preventive measures includes two parallel approaches, they are identification and treatment
- Identification of infections often involves testing high-risk groups for TB.
- Children are vaccinated to protect them from TB. (note: vaccines are not available for the adults).
- In tropical areas where the levels of other species of mycobacteria are high, exposure to non tuberculous mycobacteria gives some protection against TB .
- BCG provides some protection against severe forms of pediatric TB but has been shown to be unreliable against adult pulmonary TB
- To use preventive measures as wearing mask before coming in contact to the patient.
- In order to encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development including prizes, tax incentives and advance markets commitments.
- In addition to these, media can play vital role to eradicate this disease by raising awareness amongst the public.
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